Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge Essay

Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge - Essay Example As the discussion highlights one of the leading corporations in UK is Tesco, and Tesco has been dominating the retail sector for decades. The key drivers of achieving the level of success for the retail giant are based on its excellent operational philosophy that is among the core competencies of the company. In order to ensure appropriate coordination among the widespread outlets of Tesco, the store managers have to monitor the operational needs at every outlet so that the customers are provided with an amazing shopping experience. The store managers and customers are the main stakeholders of the organisation who are an important part of its business efficiency.This paper stresses that  the store manager is the person who has the requirement of having quick access to the latest information about the market trends and the satisfaction level of customers with the store’s products and service offerings. The store manager also needs to ensure that all the work procedures are co mmunicated in a clear and an unbiased manner to all the sales staff of the store. Presently, Tesco has availed the system development offering of Cisco and has implemented an entire network of IT system in accordance to the demands of the firm. The system is updated frequently by IT experts and all the information is collected and stored in the database. The managers may constantly need to review the data to make different types of decision for the store and hence this system is very useful for the managers in retrieving immediate information.

Integral part of British culture Essay Example for Free

Integral part of British culture Essay Soaps are contemporary, which means they are written in the same rime that they are being acted. Some viewers develop whats called social critism or social commentary, when as I mentioned before, viewers get lost in the plots and get carried away with their feelings. You sometimes hear about people trying to kill characters that they dont like. I just think how pathetic they are that they cant differenciate between a soap opera and reality. Political bias is another issue, which tends to sway the minds of viewers. This happens when a character is portrayed to have a specific political view on a matter. For example if a character is strongly against the Labour Party, their views may rub off on to the public, and then the public assume that that is their real belief. Really the actors/actresses are shoved a script to learn. They dont mess about and argue with the script writers just because their views differ to their characters. Many potentially controversial issues are embarked upon in soaps. For example, when the first lesbian kiss was screened on Brookside a few years ago everyone was horrified. On the otherhand, it encouraged real life lesbian couples to go public, not being ashamed of their sexuality. Soap operas are a form of voyeurism which means you can enjoy watching without participating, which is just up some peoples street. Its nice to come in from school, make a cuppa and be entertained by people for half an hour, from a distance, without having to participate. Some people believe soaps are anti-depressants. This is true when you are experiencing serious problems in your life. It is comforting when you switch on the tv and find a character with a much worse problem than yours. It puts everything into perspective, and demonstrates that it is quite possible to overcome such problems. Soap operas prove to be relief from everyday pressures, albeit temporary. This is especially true for me. My artistic merit is Neighbours. Sometimes I cant wait till 5. 35pm, because I know that I can relax during the twenty five minutes it is on. Soaps are very informative about occupations. You get to know what a characters job involves and requires. For example, Joe Scully is a builder in Neighbours, Paddy is a vet in Emmerdale and Karl Kennedy, a doctor in Neighbours. All these characters provide good insights into these careers, which may help you to choose which job suits you. Soaps allow you to study lifestyles. This is especially useful for sociology and psychology students who are required to research different lifestyles and the way they affect our personalities. Using these studies they can compare the lifestyles of regions or countries, and how they differ. Soaps are used as message propaganda. This is when truths or quotes are twisted and end up only half true. Journalists use this technique. Since video recorders developed, soaps have given them a revolution. Before technology developed viewers who were unable to watch an episode simply missed it. Now, it is popular to record programmes when you are out, or viewing on another channel. This revolution has increased the viewing figures by thousands. Producers of soap operas have many promotion techniques. Some of these include advertising, omnibus episodes, special length episodes with exciting content, ie, a birth or a wedding. All of these attract the viewer and send the ratings rocketing. There are two types of soaps: Imported and home grown. Imported is self-explanatory-the soap is imported from other countries to our screens, Home and Away and Neighbours are examples. Home grown is the screening of soaps from their own country. Wealth and power V class consciousness is an issue in soaps. An example of wealth and power is Mike Bawldin in Coronation Street. He is portrayed as a filthy rich business man. On the otherhand the employees that work for him in his factory are examples of class consciousness. They are of the working class. In my opinion this is wrong because it demonstrates that people of different classes should be treated differently, when really people should be treated with the same amount of respect. Soaps are a form of escapism, as viewers can escape from the real world to the soap world. Soaps provide a vicarious experience, which means that the viewers experience the soap at second hand. The cast experience at first hand. Soap opera producers use romanticism to enchance love affairs, to give the viewer a rose-tinted image of the issue. Usually the characters chosen to have love affairs are beautiful, psycially desirable people. We all know that in the real world this stereotypical image is not always true to life. Soap operas move with the times in all aspects such as decor and design in houses and settings, up to the minute technology, lifestyles and relationships, entertainment and the cultural scene (mores), eg drugs, alcohol abuse. This can have a powerful impact on the viewers who will emulate a particular home or lifestyle. Overall, I think soap operas are enjoyable and fulfilling, but if watched over prolongued periods of time can lead to unhealthy addiction.

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering Essay

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering Essay In this interim report, I am going to talk about the topic of my project, aims of the project, tasks performed, project timeline, discussions and conclusions. The topic of my project is CFD ANALYSIS OF WINGLETS. When I decided to choose this project I had no idea about the winglets. Therefore, I have read a lot of about winglets. I needed to learn enough about them such as what they are, where they are used, how winglets work, why they are used in many aircrafts, how many types of winglets are there, which is the most used, winglets benefitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. These questions will be answered later. On section 2 aims and deliverables, I talk about what I could do in my project to be a brilliant project and what I have to do to achieve it. On section 3, I will attempt to explain what the winglets are, for that I post several images. Different types of winglets and their internal structure will be studied on the second and third point. On the next point, I talk about winglets dimensions and winglet airfoil. For that, an image is shown with a classic winglet design and three winglets airfoil are shown too. On point 3.5, winglets technology is explained. Finally, blended winglets (are the most popular winglets, as you can check later) features and benefits are explained. This is the section 3, analysis of tasks. A Gantt chart will be shown to check project timeline and progress to date. My interim report finishes with discussion and conclusions. 2. AIMS AND DELIVERABLES With my project, I will demonstrate winglets are tools that improve the aircrafts performance. For that, I will attempt to demonstrate winglets reduce the aerodynamic drag so fuel consumption goes down. I will analyze a wing with and without winglet and the creation of a vortex near at the wingtip could be checked. My knowledge  and skills are not very deep in fluent and gambit so I need to improve them. Thus, this improvement will also be an important objective. Three winglets airfoil will be analyzed in Gambit and Fluent and their results will be discussed with my supervisor. These winglets airfoil are shown on section 3.4.2. 3. ANALYSIS OF TASKS 3.1 WINGLET DEFINITION Winglets are vertical extensions of wingtips that improve an aircrafts fuel efficiency and cruising range. Designed as small airfoils, winglets reduced the aerodynamic drag associated with vortices that develop at the wingtips as the airplane moves through the air. By reducing wingtip drag, fuel consumption goes down and range is extended. Aircraft of all types and sizes are flying with winglets. From single-seat hang gliders and ultralights to global jumbo jets. Some aircraft are designed and manufactured with sleek upturned winglets that blend smoothly into the outer wing sections. The concept of winglets originated with a British aerodynamist in the late 1800s, but the idea remained on the drawing board until rekindled in the early 1970s by Dr. Richard Whitcomb when the price of aviation fuel increased. Fig.3.1.1: Vortex wingtip with and without winglet. Winglets reduce wingtip vortices, the twin tornados formed by the difference between the pressure on the upper surface of an airplanes wing and that on the lower surface. High pressure on the lower surface creates a natural airflow that makes its way to the wingtip and curls around it. Since the 1970s, when the price of aviation fuel began spiralling upward, airlines and aircraft manufactures have looked at many ways to improve the operating efficiency of their aircraft. Winglets have become one of the industrys most visible fuel saving technologies and their use continues to expand. Their main functions are: improved wing efficiency translates to more payload, reduced fuel consumption (about 4% in many flights when the distance to crossing is more than 1800 Km.), and a longer cruising range that can allow an air carrier to expand routes and destinations. The figures, reproduced below, are showing two images about winglets. Fig.3.1.2: The figure reproduced above shows winglets. Fig.3.1.3: Winglets in cars. With winglets aerodynamic drag goes down, so these components are often used in car industry. Winglets are used in cars of high range or even in formula 1. 3.2 TYPES OF WINGLETS In general any wingtips that not end the wing simply horizontally are considered as some kind of a winglet. Even though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. We can distinguish three types of winglets: wingtip fences, blended winglets and raked wingtips. The differents types of winglets are explained showing  various  images  and commenting on  the  aircraft  in  which  they are  used. 3.2.1 WINGTIP FENCE They are a special variant of winglets that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this may be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences. Fig.3.2.1.1: Airbus Winglets as seen from the outsider. Fig.3.2.2.2: Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard. 3.2.2 BLENDED WINGLETS They are knowing as the real Winglets. They are the most popular winglet type, leveraged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer and Bombardier but also by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first introduced on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In contrast to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family),  blended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as most of the real fuel savings material ize while cruising. Longer flights  mean longer cruising, thus larger fuel savings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually. 141 ship sets have been pre-sold  already as the forecasted fuel avings  range  around  4%-6% for medium/long-range flights.  Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the  A320  series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead.  Aviation Partners Boeing  claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1.2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11.5 million tonnes of CO2 while reducing those types noise footprint by 6.5%.  It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. Fig.3.2.2.1: Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types. 3.2.3 RAKED WINGTIPS They are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings),  where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as  integrated wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the previously described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve  fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten take off field length. It does this in much the same way  as traditional winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, as opposed to improvements of 3.5% to 4.5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777 (-200LR; -300ER; and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350.  The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have spe cial, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked,  and  blended wingtips integrated without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet. Fig.3.2.3.1: Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350. 3.2.4 WING VORTEX ELIMINATOR This is a special type of winglet. A type exists of winglet that is capable of neutralizing the vortex, this winglet is named Wing Vortex Eliminator, and consists of a pipe that canalizes the air mass that happens for the top of the wing, redirecting and avoiding that the air masses of the lower surface and upper surface come together of turbulent form. Fig.3.2.4.1: Wing vortex Eliminator. The following figure shows a summary with the types of winglets and different aircrafts where they are used. Fig.3.2.1: Types of winglets. 3.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A WINGLET Fig.3.3.1: Winglet structure. The winglets are aerodynamic surfaces, with an inner structure usually two beams (they are horizontal beams that cover the wings from the insert to the end), a pair of ribs (beams perpendicular to the previous ones to stiffen the structure), and two cloths or outer flat plates that bear the way out. Depending on the type of aircraft or manufacturer, these structures are half-metal or half metal composite material. Are embedded in the wing tip, integrating in their structure, so that only removed if a problem is detected or corrosion. 3.4 WINGLETS DIMENSIONS AND WINGLET AIRFOIL 3.4.1 DIMENSIONS When I have to built winglets for CFD analysis these dimensions will not be enough. I do not include more images because they are very big. I will need to check websites where I can see general dimensions of an aircraft such as Boeings or Airbus websites. Fig.3.4.1.1: Classic winglet design. 3.4.2 WINGLET AIRFOIL The winglet airfoil must be design with the following criteria in mind: * To minimize drag at low CL conditions.   * To design the winglet airfoil to be tolerant of low Re.   * To maximize tolerance to negative alpha. The images, reproduced below, show several winglets airfoil. Fig.3.4.2.1: winglet airfoil PSU-90-125WL. Fig.3.4.2.2: winglet airfoil E197. Fig.3.4.2.3: winglet airfoil MH 201. These winglets airfoil will be used in CFD analysis. 3.5 WINGLETS TECHNOLOGY Total pressure of an incompressible fluid is the sum of static and dynamic pressure. The laws of kinetic energy govern dynamic pressure. The difference in air pressure between the lower and upper surfaces of a wing causes the air to escape around the wingtip, which reduces the available lift or the aerodynamic drag increases. The motion of the air rushing around the wingtip causes a vortex to form near the wingtip. The tip vortices cause upwash and downwash air currents that alter the direction of the free stream flow around the wing. Fig.3.5.1: Vortex at the wingtip. When  an  air mass  is crossed  by  a  wing  that  air  mass  is  separated  into  two  streams: a stream  passes  through  the bottom  of the  wing and  the  other  stream  passes through  the top  of the  wing.  Both  meet at  the  trailing edge.  However, in  the wing tip  the same phenomenon,  but  unlike  the  previous  two  air flows  converge  before reaching  the  trailing edge  creating  a turbulence  so-called  vortex.   A vortex is created near the wingtip. Thus, it is necessary put a barrier at the wingtip. This is the concept of winglets. Winglet attracted to him the vortex and it is deflected far over the wing. Therefore, the aerodynamic drag is reduced. The winglet has a tip, just like a wing, so it also produces a tip vortex, albeit a much weaker one. The winglets tip vortex is located far above the airflow over the wing, thus it has a little influence on the airflow over the main wing. They look like vortex diffusers. The installation of well-designed winglets can improve the performance of an aircraft, however, the following aspects are critical: 1) The design must be strongly customized to each new configuration; 2) Winglets introduce additional weight; 3) They increase the wing root bending moment; 4) Efficiency is proportional to the lift coefficient; 5) They can alter the aerodynamics in critical regions (ailerons); 6) Winglets are expensive. 3.6 FEATURES AND BENEFITS 3.6.1 REDUCED ENGINE MAINTENANCE COSTS Better climb performance also allows lower thrust settings, thus extending engine life and reducing maintenance costs. REDUCING THRUST WILL: Slow EGT deterioration, which prolongs on-wing life between engine shop visits. Reduce fuel flow deterioration, which results in lower fuel burn. Lower maintenance costs by increasing time between shop visits (longer on-wing life). Takeoff thrust typically reduced by 3%. Cruise thrust typically reduced by 4%. Graphic 3.6.1.1 3.6.2 LOWER BLOCK FUEL Winglets lower drag and improve aerodynamic efficiency, thus reducing fuel burn. Depending on the missions you fly, blended winglets can improve cruise fuel mileage up to 6 percent, especially important during a time of rising fuel prices. They are saving a minimum of 4% on fuel and up to 6% on our longer flights. FUEL SAVINGS FOR CONVERTED FLEET As of mid-October 2006, Aviation Partners and Aviation Partners Boeing have equipped over  1,400 aircraft with Blended Winglets. They conservatively estimate that these aircraft are saving: 146,550,000 gallons per year. 401,507 gallons per day. 16,729 gallons per hour. 279 gallons per minute. 4.6 gallons per second. POTENTIAL ANNUAL FUEL SAVINGS PER AIRPLANE 737-700 Up to 110,000 gallons 737-800 Up to 130,000 gallons 737-900 Up to 150,000 gallons 737-300 Up to 100,000 gallons 757-200 Up to 300,000 gallons 767-300ER (PD Study) Up to 500,000 gallons Table 3.6.2.1: this table shows fuel saved in Boeing ´s airplane. 3.6.3 HIGHER INITIAL OPTIMAL CRUISE ALTITUDES Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher operational altitudes than the baseline non-winglet equipped airplane. This results in the following: Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher initial altitudes eliminating the requirement for initial level-off altitudes. Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve approximately 1,200 ft higher optimal altitudes than non-winglet equipped airplanes. Graphic 3.6.3.1 3.6.4 PERMANENT FUEL PRICE HEDGE With uncertainty in fuel supplies and the continuing increase in demand, the potential for higher fuel prices cannot be ignored. Consider the average customer for the following: Average Yearly Fuel Savings (gallons per year) Additional Savings for a $0.10 Increase in Price per Gallon 737-700 Up to 110,000 gallons Up to $11,000 per year 737-800 Up to 130,000 gallons Up to $13,000 per year 737-900 Up to 150,000 gallons Up to $15,000 per year 737-300 Up to 100,000 gallons Up to $10,000 per year 757-200 Up to 300,000 gallons Up to $30,000 per year 767-300ER (PD Study) Up to 500,000 gallons Up to $50,000 per year Table 3.6.4.1 3.6.5 INCREASED PAYLOAD / RANGE CAPACITY The addition of Aviation Partners Blended Winglets has demonstrated drag reduction in the 5 to 7% range that measurably increases range and fuel efficiency. In addition, the Blended Winglets allow commercial aircraft to take off from higher, hotter airports with increased payload. This enables you to fly farther nonstops or to complete shorter missions with greater payloads and fuel reserves. 3.6.6 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY Winglets offer the opportunity not only to improve an airplanes operation performance but also its environmental performance. Airport Noise Levels can be dramatically affected with the installation of Winglets: Noise-affected area on takeoff reduced by 6.5 %. Take-off and approach certified noise levels are lowered. Emissions: Lower fuel burn also equates to reduced emissions. Up to a 6% reduction in CO2 and as much as a 8% reduction in NOx is possible. 3.6.7 IMPROVED TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE By allowing a steeper climb, winglets pay off in better takeoff performance, especially from obstacle-limited, high, hot, weight-limited, and/or noise-restricted airports. Performance Improved climb gradients increase 737-800 allowable takeoff weight (TOW). SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE: Chicago-Midway: ~1,600 lb additional TOW. Lanzarote (Canary Islands): ~3,500 lb additional TOW. Albuquerque, Denver, and Salt Lake City: ~4,400 lb additional TOW. 4. PROJECT TIMELINE With the Gantt chart, you can see the tasks done to date and the future tasks. I will try to follow it and I hope to finish my project on April. As you can see, on the first weeks of my project I have been finding out information about winglets. The first two weeks, I answered two questions; what are the winglets? and what are their main function?. About tenth of November, I started to collect images of winglets and began to understand winglets technology. The following week, winglet design was studied. From my presentation, I made these tasks; airfoil winglets, types of winglets and features and benefits. From now, I have to do CFD analysis of winglets. I will start in 2-D with winglet airfoil and will finish in 3-D. Winglet airfoil will be imported into a data file to a gambit where the mesh geometry and boundary types will be created. Finally, a file .msh will be created in gambit and it will be exported to fluent where the winglet airfoil will be analyzed. The procedure is the same in 3-D, however the geometry of the aircraft will be set up in Solid Edge or Catia V5 and it will be exported to gambit. 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As  you have  witnessed in  this  interim  report  the  winglets  improve the  performance of  an aircraft  by reducing  the  aerodynamic  drag  and therefore the  fuel  consumption decreases. However,  when  designing  winglets  we  should  take into  account  aspects  such as they are expensive or they increase the wing root bending moment. There are also  people who think  the  winglets  are  unnecessary and  break  up  the aesthetic  of the plane. There are several types of winglets and the blended winglet is the most popular winglet type. Features and benefits of blended winglet have been discussed (http://www.aviationpartnersboeing.com/index.html). In  these  first  few weeks of  work I have  tried to  to collect  enough information about winglets  and I  reported  about  how they work, because  they  break  the vortex  generated at  the  wingtip  vortex  and how it  is generated. I am  looking forward  to start my analysis with fluent and gambit, but my limited knowledge in CFD, stopped me. I feel I am ready to start working with fluent and gambit since these programs have been explained in class successfully.

Education: A Path to Gender Equality in Labor Markets Essay examples --

Human capital is a fundamental labor force. Thus, encouraging greater female participation or reinforcing gender equality in labor markets worldwide will lead to gains in productivity. However, what can be done to create gender equality? A study emphasized the equality of education. When education access to women is equal to men, occupation opportunities and earnings of men and women with similar education and experience are equal. A research in Pakistan and other studies are introduced. Their findings suggest that education plays a vital part in gender equality in labor force. In another word, education can be a path to gender equality in labor markets. For education to be a path to gender equality, it must benefit woman equally to man. But the benefit of education depends on the equality of education including equality of access and equality in the learning process. Equality of access means that both genders are offered to gain access to formal, informal or other methods to the primary education. The actual attendance can be a preference to decide if the access has been approached. Equality in the learning process means that girls and boys are treated equally and have equal opportunities to learn. Even though the lessons may be approached to individuals in different learning styles, boys and girls should be exposed to the same curriculum. Also, the lesson materials which are brought to them should be free of stereotypes and gender bias. Moreover, boys and girls should have the freedom to learn, to explore and to develop their ability in all academic and extracurricular fields. When equality of access and equality in the learning pr ocess are achieved, the status of men and women and their ability to contribute to, take part in e... .... United Nations Population Fund. 2005. Web. 8th April. 2011. Melkas, Helina, et all. Towards Gender Equity in Japanese and Nordic Labor Markets: A Tale of Two Paths. July 2003. Web. 8th April. 2011. Malhotra, Anju, et all. Impact of investments in female education on gender equality. International Center for Research on Women. 27th August. 2003. Web. 8th April. 2011. Percheski, Christine. â€Å"Opting out? Cohort Differences in Professional Women's Employment Rates from 1960 to 2005.†American Sociological Review Vol. 73, No. 3 (Jun., 2008), pp. 497-517. Print. Sathar, Zeba, et all. â€Å"Women's Status and Fertility Change in Pakistan.† Population and Development Review. Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), pp. 415-432. Print. Tempon, Mery, et all. Ed. Girls’ Education in the 21st Century: Gender equality, Empowerment, And Economic Growth. The World Bank, 2008. Print.

10 most important events in the odyssey Essay

1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing 10 most important events in the odyssey 1.) the lotus eaters-drugged Odysseus’ men. 2.)Cyclopes-believed Odysseus that he was no body and gets hurt. 3.) Circe-Odysseus sends his men to find out what she is, turns men into pigs, Hermes gives Odysseus garlic so he doesn’t turn into pig 4.)the sirens-singing Hahahahahah

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article

The Definition and Purpose of the Zero Article In English grammar, the term  zero article  refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the  zero determiner. In general, no article is used with proper nouns, mass nouns where the reference is indefinite, or plural count nouns where the reference is indefinite. Also, no article is generally used when referring to means of transport (by plane) or common expressions of time and place (at midnight, in jail). In addition, linguists have found that in  regional varieties of English known as New Englishes,  omitting an article is often done to express non-specificity. Examples of the Zero Article In the following examples, no article is used before the italicized nouns. My mothers name is Rose. I gave her a rose on  Mothers Day.Every mile is two in winter.This plant grows in  sandy soil and on the edges of swamps.David Rockefeller was authorized to hold the position of director of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Zero Article in American and British English In American and British English, no article is used before words such as  school, college, class, prison  or  camp  when these words are used in their institutional sense. The students start school in the fall.College provides opportunities for students to learn and meet new people. However, some nouns that are used with definite articles in American English are not used with articles in British English. When I was in the hospital, I often wished there were fewer hours in the day.[American English]When Elizabeth was in  hospital, she was occasionally visited by her parents.[British English] The Zero Article With Plural Count Nouns and Mass Nouns In the book English Grammar, Angela Downing writes that the loosest and therefore most frequent type of generic statement is that expressed by the zero article with plural  count nouns  or with  mass nouns. Count nouns are those that can form a plural, such as dog or cat. In their plural form, count nouns are sometimes used without an article, especially when they are referred to generically. The same is true when the noun is plural but of indefinite number. Dogs love to run around outside.The boy loves to play with toys. Mass nouns are those that cannot be counted, such as air or sadness. They also include nouns that are not usually counted but that can be counted in some situations, such as water or meat. (These nouns can be counted using certain measurements, such as some or much.) Clean air is important for a healthy environment.The man was overcome by sadness when he lost his home. Sources Cowan, Ron.  The Teachers Grammar of English: a Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2011.Downing, Angela.  English Grammar. Routledge, 2006.Platt, John T., et al.  The New Englishes. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.

THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY essays

THE SINCEREST FORM OF FLATTERY essays Im a flake. Make plans with me at your own risk because Ill inevitably let you down. You can count on me arriving no less than fifteen minutes late to meet you but that is, of course, if I show up at all. I do this because I am inconsiderate and dont appreciate you or your time. If you count on me to be somewhere at a specific time, Ill fuck it up and ruin your whole day. You may think Im exaggerating for dramatic effect, but consider yourself sufficiently warned. All of this may sound hard for you to believe I know it shocked the hell out of me when I heard it. It never occurred to me that I had this reputation or that for the members of my family, it was a long and widely held belief. Not because it wasnt like them to talk behind my back after all, Ive been a member of the Gillis family for 27 years and know thats how we operate. No, I just thought I was boring and my life too uneventful to have cultivated an M.O. To be honest, I didnt think they had enough raw materials to work with. Sure, I spent the better part of my teenage years holed up in my bedroom listening to Nina Simone and Joy Division, venturing out only to eat and go to school, but was that so uncommon? Maybe, but since I had no friends at the time, how was I to know? Although I was deeply committed to my sullen, agoraphobic way of life, I eventually grew out of that phase and went on to make friends and have boyfriends, therefore established myself as more normal, whatever that means. I thought I was living under their radar, but looking back now, I shouldve known b etter. I am the second youngest child in a family of seven kids and like many large families; we Gilliss adhere to the rules and norms of our own particular hierarchal social structure. I realized pretty early on that in order to establish and maintain my position in our organization, I had to learn...

Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen

The world is not promised to young men like Cedric Lavar Jennings. But sometimes they find a way to make it deliver. Such is the inspirational story of A Hope in the Unseen, by Wall Street Journal writer Ron Suskind, a remarkably intimate work that documents the talents, frustrations and aspirations of a poor but determined black teenager before and after his successful bid to attend a top-notch college. All that Cedric wants is a shot at the American Dream: He wants to go to school, work hard, and make something of himself. Not an easy task for a kid from Southeast Washington, D.C., whose mother is an input clerk at a federal agency and whose drug-dealing father is pulling time in a Northern Virginia prison. Harder still at Frank W. Ballou Senior High, where Cedric, a junior, is the curve-wrecker the guy whose name means nerd. Students mock him as "whitey" because he excels in a special math-and-science program and takes his grades seriously. In a school plagued by shootings, knifings and drugs, it's amazing that Cedric survives. Surely his success is an act of faith, right? That question not only propels this intriguing celebration of spirit, it also exposes the crack in Cedric's otherwise galvanized existence. He doubts. And with each success, the doubts sound louder. Still, for most of his 16 years, Cedric lives in a triangulation among home (a 19-inch television is a treasured possession), school, and the Scripture Cathedral a strict, largely blue-collar, Pentecostal church that preaches sacrifice, faith and devotion. His mother Barbara, ever attentive to the provident Bishop Long, is a churchwoman in good stead. She tithes the expected 10 percent of her hard-earned minimum-wage salary, cooks for church functions, and attends weekday evening services. Cedric prays, sings well, and knows scripture so well that when a teacher misquotes Hebrews 11:1, saying: "The substance of faith is a hope in the unseen," Cedric corr... Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen The world is not promised to young men like Cedric Lavar Jennings. But sometimes they find a way to make it deliver. Such is the inspirational story of A Hope in the Unseen, by Wall Street Journal writer Ron Suskind, a remarkably intimate work that documents the talents, frustrations and aspirations of a poor but determined black teenager before and after his successful bid to attend a top-notch college. All that Cedric wants is a shot at the American Dream: He wants to go to school, work hard, and make something of himself. Not an easy task for a kid from Southeast Washington, D.C., whose mother is an input clerk at a federal agency and whose drug-dealing father is pulling time in a Northern Virginia prison. Harder still at Frank W. Ballou Senior High, where Cedric, a junior, is the curve-wrecker the guy whose name means nerd. Students mock him as "whitey" because he excels in a special math-and-science program and takes his grades seriously. In a school plagued by shootings, knifings and drugs, it's amazing that Cedric survives. Surely his success is an act of faith, right? That question not only propels this intriguing celebration of spirit, it also exposes the crack in Cedric's otherwise galvanized existence. He doubts. And with each success, the doubts sound louder. Still, for most of his 16 years, Cedric lives in a triangulation among home (a 19-inch television is a treasured possession), school, and the Scripture Cathedral a strict, largely blue-collar, Pentecostal church that preaches sacrifice, faith and devotion. His mother Barbara, ever attentive to the provident Bishop Long, is a churchwoman in good stead. She tithes the expected 10 percent of her hard-earned minimum-wage salary, cooks for church functions, and attends weekday evening services. Cedric prays, sings well, and knows scripture so well that when a teacher misquotes Hebrews 11:1, saying: "The substance of faith is a hope in the unseen," Cedric corr...

E-Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

E-Business - Case Study Example Hoffman & Novak (1996:51) described the internet as a "phenomenal marketing opportunity". This same definition was later echoed by Palmer & Griffith (1998:45) when they state that, the internet has created a new revolution in marketing by providing much more than just a new medium through which organization communicate to the public. E-marketing has become an important phenomenal for Business to Business, Consumers to Consumers as well as Business to consumers marketing. As the fight of market shares and quest for product success continue, e-strategy has offered marketers and businesses all the necessary tactics, and methods to give their product a break through, or remain competitive (Frost et al. 2001). This assignment examines and evaluates the supply chain management functions of an ebusiness. Using Wal-Mart as a case study, the paper examines the electronic business platform of the organisation with attention on the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is a tactical and management tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that a company's merchandise is produced, distributed at the right quantities, locations, and the right time (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). This is to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). ... Using Wal-Mart as a case study, the paper examines the electronic business platform of the organisation with attention on the supply chain. 1.1Overview of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) is a tactical and management tool employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that a company's merchandise is produced, distributed at the right quantities, locations, and the right time (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). This is to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements (Cheng, Lai & Gunasekaran 2006). Today, SCM gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance (Ramsay 2000). To minimize wastages and meet up with customers demand. Customers and suppliers are important stakeholders. "Stakeholders are those individual or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends" (Johnson et al 2005:179). An organisation SCM set the pace and the platform for this to take place. Wal-mart is the largest grocery retailer in the United States with estimated 20% of the retail grocery and consumable business as well as the largest toy seller in the States having 22% share of the market, and the highest private employer with about 1.9million workers and employees. The company had a net income of US$11.3Billion in 2007. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the application of supply chain management strategy in Wal-mart in its electronic business platform. Using Porters competitive advantage, Porters value chain framework, and the SWOT analysis, the company was

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Frankenstein - Essay Example or the reader to ignore the place of the author within her own text as Shelley, who portrays the image of avowed atheist, and makes the comparison of human development basing on contrary means encompassing both religious and secular relationships. At the end of the novel, through Frankenstein, the author completes that the moral and spiritual development is possible to attain best through the shading of dogmatic belief structures, which results to the elimination of God upon the attainment of self-realization. There are many ‘monstrous reflections’ in this entire text basing on the critical commentary. Frankenstein’s creature serves as the existence of his short existence, which results to the last freedom of the creature that occurs through the death of his creator. Even though a secular theme continues through the entire novel, it is also impossible to ignore the religious references and the biblical allusions, which provide the complex addition to the text that one could view as being the secular treatise basing on the dangerous nature of knowledge. Even though it can be possible to pare the text down into such non-religious terms, one cannot easily ignore that Frankenstein also contains the great deal of the biblical symbolism, evident particularly on the theme of outcast and the creation story. In the story, the monster is subject to portray as a sympathetic character, especially in regards to the contemporary reader. Through the biblical story, Adam causes his own fate through engaging in sin. His creator, Victor, goes ahead to cause the creature’s hideous existence, and it is through the grotesqueness that eventually leads to the spurning of the creature. It is only upon facing repeated rejection that leads the creature into becoming violent and thus deciding to seek revenge. The allegory of creation becomes clear to the reader right from the beginning of the novel. Despite lacking cultivation and learning through the morals and ethics of

Economic Development More Important Than Democracy in Promoting a Essay

Economic Development More Important Than Democracy in Promoting a Welfare State - Essay Example Essentially, this paper provides various definitions of the â€Å"welfare state condition,† attempts to juxtapose the democratic view with the perspective that favors economic development, and presents a plausible explanation why economic development is more important than democracy. Also, this paper will enumerate several practices that contribute to economic development, thereby, increasing the chances of attaining a welfare state. Definition of Welfare State Over the years, there has been no strict and general definition of the welfare state. Some relate the term to power and industrialisation while others try to refer it as one of the capitalist contradictions. A classic definition of the term is the state’s â€Å"responsibility for securing some basic modicum of welfare for its citizens† (Pierson & Castles, 2006, p.160). Apart from this definition, Asa Briggs (as cited in Flora & Heidenheimer, 2009, p.29) also defined the welfare state as the condition chara cterised by an organised power that uses politics and administration to change the direction of market forces. This can be done in three ways: (1) through ensuring that individuals and families could receive a minimum income regardless of their properties’ market value, (2) by assisting families and individuals meet their social needs, thereby, reducing their sense of insecurity, and (3) ensuring that all citizens, regardless of social class and status, are given the highest standards of social services (as cited in Flora & Heidenheimer, 2009, p.29). The Democracy View vs. Economic Development After the in-depth discussion of the term welfare state, it is worthwhile to present the split views of paternalism and the democracy. Paternalism connotes economic development while democratic views favor a free market model. Throughout the years, there has been an existing clash between paternalism model followed in the 18th century and the emerging free market model that was especial ly advocated by Adam Smith. As a result, there were several insights generated to support its stand as well as to oppose each other’s perspectives. Paternalism, as defined by Abercrombie and Hill (as cited in Varano, 1999, p.26), is an economic institution that organises the productive unit and regulates the relationships between the owners of the means of production and their respective subordinates. Moreover, it is composed of different access to power and resources and an unequal distribution of goods and services. Oftentimes, paternalism emphasises elite control and privilege towards the subordinates. It also attempts to lessen the worst effects of industrial capitalism through combining traditional and community norms. Contrary to this view, some sociologists and economists alike such as Richard Sennett (as cited in Varano, 1999, p.27), contend that paternalism was intended to mask the hidden interest of the industrialists to enforce high level of production. He continue s by citing that paternalism only connotes elite oversight and community welfare instead of advancing the morale of the workers (Varano, 1999, p.27). The free-market model also extremely contradicts to the paternalistic model since the latter was based on some statute laws, common laws, and customs while the former allows the exploration of the

US company expanding to Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

US company expanding to Italy - Research Paper Example Mostly, foreign businesses are exploited through regulations, practices and laws that are usually protective of the local businesses. These are the challenges that a U.S. firm expanding to Italy will face as it tries to gain grounds and remain competitive in foreign environment. U.S. business regulations do not discriminate against small or large corporations as they are all subject to the same regulations. The country has a host of laws that govern business in the country and must be adhered to by any business. Employment and labor laws are stringent in how they regulate treatment of employees by businesses. These laws cover every aspect of employees’ relations. Further, the laws keep on changing as the government and labor bodies continue to protect employees more. The first labor law is Minimum Wage Law which sets the least possible wage for workers of every category. Other laws include Fair Labor Standards Act, Equal Opportunity Employment, Employee Retirement Income Security Act and many other laws that regulate employees’ welfare. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) seeks to make sure that every employee receives retirement benefits according to her own choice (Cihon & Castagneria, 2013). The Immigration and Nationality Act prevents any business from discriminating against any U.S. citizens. Advertising and marketing laws are also stringent on businesses activities. The Federal Trade Commission ensures that business comply with these laws. The laws are intended to safeguard consumers’ interests, while protecting them from scrupulous business who cheat through advertising and marketing. Businesses are required to give the truth in adverts, to enable Americans make purchasing decisions well. Failure to comply with these laws attracts lawsuits and heavy fines. The advertisements must not be unfair to competitors. Privacy law is another major business law that affect running of

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KPMG case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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US company expanding to Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

US company expanding to Italy - Research Paper Example Mostly, foreign businesses are exploited through regulations, practices and laws that are usually protective of the local businesses. These are the challenges that a U.S. firm expanding to Italy will face as it tries to gain grounds and remain competitive in foreign environment. U.S. business regulations do not discriminate against small or large corporations as they are all subject to the same regulations. The country has a host of laws that govern business in the country and must be adhered to by any business. Employment and labor laws are stringent in how they regulate treatment of employees by businesses. These laws cover every aspect of employees’ relations. Further, the laws keep on changing as the government and labor bodies continue to protect employees more. The first labor law is Minimum Wage Law which sets the least possible wage for workers of every category. Other laws include Fair Labor Standards Act, Equal Opportunity Employment, Employee Retirement Income Security Act and many other laws that regulate employees’ welfare. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) seeks to make sure that every employee receives retirement benefits according to her own choice (Cihon & Castagneria, 2013). The Immigration and Nationality Act prevents any business from discriminating against any U.S. citizens. Advertising and marketing laws are also stringent on businesses activities. The Federal Trade Commission ensures that business comply with these laws. The laws are intended to safeguard consumers’ interests, while protecting them from scrupulous business who cheat through advertising and marketing. Businesses are required to give the truth in adverts, to enable Americans make purchasing decisions well. Failure to comply with these laws attracts lawsuits and heavy fines. The advertisements must not be unfair to competitors. Privacy law is another major business law that affect running of

KPMG case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

KPMG case - Essay Example Company had initial public offering in 2004 with a par value of $0.50 Price per share as of year end of 2007 plunged to $12.00 from $15.75 of 1st quarter quote with an EPS of $0.69. The company had approximately 9,500 holders as of February 29, 2008. This part will show trends of profitability, liquidity and solvency using ratios for the three year period. The trend analysis will present any significant fluctuation or movement in the three year operations that will have an impact in its financial operations. It will also be compared to industry sector using industry index as benchmark. (Reuters) Analysis will be presented in 3 parts, profitability, liquidity and solvency ratios. (See Annexes 1 and 2) Definition of financial terms provided by Investopedia. The comparison of the financial performance of the company against the industry (Reuters) where TMH belong and trend analysis of its own performance provided an insight on the strengths and weaknesses of the company and is presented below. Cash flows of the company consist of retained earnings and proceeds from loan transactions. The cash flows are used to pay debts, interests, taxes and other operating expenses. Retained earnings are not sufficient to fund payments for interests, taxes and long term debts. Accounts receivables and inventory of homes locks up cash for operations and affects cash flows. A slow turn over of accounts receivables and inventories reflects problems in the efficiency of management. The usual 120 to 180 loan repayments should be looked into as large amount of cash is tied up into this. 3.2. Complexity of underlying transactions. The sale of mortgage manufactured home contracts to unrelated financial institutions involves complex transaction particularly to default payments of mortgage borrowers. Recent economic crisis saw foreclosures of mortgage properties in financial institutions, and these losses could be passed on to TMH in cases of default. 3.3. Extent to

Interaction of Ethnic, National or Cultural Influences Essay Example for Free

Interaction of Ethnic, National or Cultural Influences Essay All around the world people are organised in societies differentiated ethnically, nationally and culturally. In our mind under the interethnic relations are traditionally understood subjectively experienced relations between people of different nationalities, between ethnic communities, which are manifested in attitudes and orientations of interethnic contacts in various areas of cooperation, national stereotypes, attitudes and behavior, and the actions of people of specific ethnic communities. It is in this area in the first place are projected economic, social and political issues. They acquire an ethnic form and deliver a lot of trouble to society, leading to inter-ethnic tensions, local ethnic conflicts, the growth of ethnic migrations. Ethnic tensions, the state of hostility, distrust, mutual complaints and dissatisfaction arises or may arise from time to time between any nations that are permanently or temporarily in contact with each other. Ethnic tensions depend on several factors: 1) The history of international relations, the historical memory of the nature of relations between the peoples at different stages (often these relationships take the form of ongoing ethnic tension); 2) the level of economic development of the parties, among representatives of different nations’ place in the system of production and property (industrial specialization, predominance of members of certain nationalities in professional and social groups, the dominance of different forms of ownership, quality of life, etc.); 3) the structure of the cultural development of the nation the predominance of rural or urban population, the level of education and professional qualifications. There are allocated the following phenomena and processes that significantly affect the formation and strengthening of interethnic tension: 1) the lack of a consistent policy of condemnation and suppression of national manifestations of violence; 2) the possibility of negative attitudes towards representatives of the people associated in the eyes of other nations with the administrative-command apparatus; 3) the position of people who have been persecuted and mass deported during the repression, particularly those that have not been returned to their places of origin; 4) a sense of national enmity against those nationalities that, in terms of population in many regions, live better than we do. These representations are caused by a variety of reasons, including the identification of the people with the most frequently identified by its representatives. According to M. Walzer, positive ethnic identity is a balance of tolerance for their own and other ethnic groups, which allows us to consider it, on the one hand, as a condition of an independent and stable existence of an ethnic group, on the other as a condition of peaceful intercultural multi-ethnic world, interactions, excluding ethnic phobias and confrontation. According to N. M. Lebedeva on ethnic tolerance, defined as the adoption of ethno-cultural differences, and the exclusion of ethnophobia and ethnic confrontations have effects such socio-psychological factors as: 1) the degree of ethnic and cultural competence; 2) psychological readiness for intercultural dialogue; 3) The experience and skills of intercultural understanding and cooperation. All these parameters are amenable to the formation and development and in need of professional development by education and socio-psychological training of intercultural interaction. Violation of a positive image of their own group tends to reduce ethnic tolerance (YA Gayurova, TG Stefanenko, AN Tatarko, FM Malhozova). 9/11 After Twins being attacked Americans stopped helping Irish Republican Army (IRA Nationalist violent group in Northenr Ireland) when they understood what the terrorism is and what the causes and result are. After the terrorist attacks marked a surge of crimes against people from the Middle East, and other people who looked similar. Suffered even some Sikhs who wear turbans, traditionally associated with Muslims. Reported insults,attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the burning of a Hindu temple), and attacks on people, including one murder, September 15, was mortally wounded by Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh who was mistaken for a Muslim. [130] Rating of President Bush after the attacks rose to 86%. [131] September 20, 2001 the President spoke to the nation and a joint session of Congress, regarding the events of 11 September, following the rescue and recovery operations, as well as the response of the U. S. governments intentions. In addition, the important role played by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who deserved the appreciation of the public, both in New York and at the national level. Deportations 1941 in USSR. After the publication of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR On the resettlement of Germans living in the Volga region of 28 August 1941 has been eliminated Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans and produced total deportation of Germans from ASSR. For this purpose, in advance on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of NP were introduced NKVD troops. Germans were ordered within 24 hours to prepare for resettlement and a limited number of its assets to arrive at the collection points. German inhabitants of the republic were taken to remote areas of Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. According to this decree in September and October 1941 were deported 446,480 Soviet Germans (according to other sources 438 280). In September 1941, many military service persons of German nationality were sent from the front to the rear. In subsequent months, the deportation has touched almost the entire German population living in European Russia and the Caucasus that were not occupied by the Wehrmacht. The resettlement of Germans made gradually and was completed by May 1942. Totally during the war were moved up to 950 thousand Germans. 367,000 Germans were deported to the east: the republic of Komi, in the Urals, Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Altai. Babi Yar Estimate between 100 and 150 thousands jewish people were killed during WW 2 in Babi yar. There were a lot of interactions in different influences during many different events and specific situation that caused a lot of deaths of innocent people. Sometimes many cultures, nations and ethnoses are discriminated or even eliminated because of misunderstanding. It will happen untill people do not understand that there are more other non-violent ways of solving problems.

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay The world has become dynamic which forces countries around the world to trade interchangeably. As any other country, Tanzania has seen the importance of joining international Trade by identifying ways and means of navigating through a viable and steady path towards competitive export-led growth for the realisation of the goal of poverty eradication. In order for Tanzania to grow it needed to increasingly engage in the global trading system and draw benefits from inclusive globalization, in particular higher economic growth and poverty reduction. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Tanzania is situated on the east coast of Africa. Tanzania which includes the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba became independent in 1961 with a per capita GNP of US$ 210 the economy is essentially dependent on agriculture. Tanzania is one of the worlds least developed countries. From independence in 1961 Tanzania followed a socialist model of economic development. This essentially non-market approach resulted in the nationalization of businesses and industries and the collectivization of agriculture. Over time the failures of this strategy became apparent as the economy stagnated and suffered significant setbacks. Since 1985 Tanzania has implemented a series of economic reforms but progress has been inconsistent. However since 1995 the pace of reform has accelerated and Tanzania has focused on macroeconomic stabilization and fiscal reform supported by international financial institutions. Tanzanias economic performance was expected to remain strong in 2008. GDP growth for 2008 was estimated at 7.5 per cent, up from 7.2 per cent in 2007 and an improvement between 2002-2006 period when the economy grew by an average of 6.0 per cent. Recent growth has mainly been attributed to construction, tourism and mining. Economic reforms have been key growth drivers and have transformed the economy from a relatively controlled one to one that is liberalized and market-driven. Inflation has remained in single digits and averaged 5.0 per cent per annum from 2000-2006 but shot up in 2008 and is expected to edge over 9 per cent  in 2008, as a result of the globally high food and fuel prices. The current account deficit was forecast to stay at  about 13 percent of GDP due to higher imports as a result of strong economic activities and a construction boom. Tanzanias main trading partners are the European Union, Japan, India, and Kenya. Tanzanias exports are primarily agricultural commodities such as Coffee Cashew nuts Tobacco Cotton constituting the largest sectors Imported products are as follow Machinery Transportation equipment Industrial raw materials Consumer goods constitute the major portion. Because of the decrease in agricultural production during the past few years, attributable to climatic conditions, food and foodstuffs imports have increased sharply. Tanzania is a net importer of services. Dar es Salaam is the commercial capital and major sea port for Tanzania Mainland and it serves neighboring land-locked countries of Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, as well as Eastern DRC. Other sea ports include Zanzibar, Tanga, and Mtwara.   Because of its geographical and location advantage, Dar es Salaam Port presents itself as the gateway into East and Central Africa.  Furthermore, this renders Tanzania as a logical investment destination for investors. This indicates clearly that Tanzania can participate well in trade activities by integrating with other African Countries. 2.0 Statement of the Problem Tanzania Integration with Africa Trade Policy Framework 3.0 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are as follows: To indicate how Tanzania can integrate with African countries to be able to facilitate International Trade. To determine the major issues that can be improved to make Tanzania becoming the web of Africa in International Trade. African Trade Policy Framework Country firms are supposed to compete based on static comparative advantages, and free trade maximizes both national and international welfare. Perfect competition is assumed, market failures do not exist, and trade serves no other purpose other than that of efficient exchange of goods and services to maximize individual and collective welfare. In this world, the pattern of trade would be determined entirely by comparative costs whereby the most efficient producers would supply the worlds requirements and the market mechanism would be the sole determinant of prices. If free trade economists ruled the world, there would be no trade policy. This is because autonomous trade liberalization is unequivocally good for the liberalizing country leading ultimately to global free trade. In this world there would be no trade treaties, not trade negotiations and no World Trade Organization. Economic history shows that governments everywhere generally create and maintain distortions in the pattern of trade for reasons they consider more valid than the economists sole criterion of efficiency. Since the Second World War, trade policy has increasingly been dispersed at four major levels: By national governments Commodity-based cartels Regional blocks Multilateral institutions Often the politics of policy designs pulls in opposite directions. For example, while the multilateral arrangements (various General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs, GATT; and the recent World Trade Organization, WTO, rules) as well as the prescriptions under the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) by the World Bank and the IMF push hard towards free trade regimes, national politics often opts for protectionism. While multilateral rules via WTO encourage negotiated but complete liberalization, regional and national pressures are towards preferential and selective liberalization. What often emerges as the trade policies for individual countries are often the result of a balance (contestation) of power among the competing power blocks domestic politics due to interest group pressure versus external demands tied to external obligations to regional arrangements and international institutions. The policy content, in recognition of the tension, tries to marry both the economic and poli tical arguments. Trade policy in Africa has been no exception to these tensions between economics and politics. Though with differences in scope and intensity, trade policies in most African countries have generally followed a discernible pattern marked by the prevalence of restrictions on trade. Tanzania Trade Policy Framework Policy is a statement of intent for achieving an objective. Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the people VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF TRADE POLICY This trade policy responds to and builds upon the internal economic reforms that have been under implementation since the mid 1980s, and to unfolding events in the international economic scene. These developments call for a systematic and consistent approach in the application and use of trade policy instruments in the process of building a competitive economy and striving for higher rates of growth. From the internal perspective, the policy draws upon the primary goal of the National Development Vision 2025, emphasising on poverty reduction and its ultimate eradication. In order to address the problem of poverty, it is necessary to attain and sustain a minimum GDP growth rate of 7% which in turn requires a minimum rate of 14% for trade growth. This highlights the importance of the international dimension in trade expansion strategies. Hence, from the international perspective, the policy draws upon unfolding changes in the MTS and emerging opportunities which can contribute immensely to the process of attaining and sustaining the high rates of economic growth that underpin strategies for poverty eradication. 3.1 TRADE POLICY VISION The role of the trade sector towards the realization of the national goal of poverty eradication will be attained through the structural transformation of the economy and enhanced productivity that will in turn contribute to the process of international competitiveness and lead to rapid economic growth. Vision is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to transform the economy from a supply constrained one into a competitive export-led entity responsive to enhanced domestic integration and wider participation in the global economy through national trade liberalization. 3.2 MISSION Trade is not an end in itself but a means for achieving higher welfare to society, than would be possible without trade. The function of the trade sector, therefore, is to integrate the Tanzanian economy into the global economy through trade. This entails structural transformation of the national economy, and product/market diversification. Indeed, to sustain an economic growth rate above the 7% necessary for the achievement of the goals of National Development Vision 2025 depends on developing a modern export-led economy. High volumes of exports are necessary to achieve the goals of Vision 2025. Sustaining a high growth rate is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty eradication. Growth has to be complemented by broad-based equal opportunity of access to the primary assets of production land, education and finance for such growth to be translated into poverty eradication. The mission of the trade sector is therefore to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulate the development and gro wth of trade through enhancing competitiveness aiming at rapid socio-economic development. OBJECTIVES In accordance with the National Development Vision 2025, the goal of trade policy is that of raising efficiency and widening linkages in domestic production and building a diversified competitive export sector as the means of stimulating higher rates of growth and development. Five specific objectives emanate from and reflect this goal. The first specific objective is to stimulate a process of trade development as the means of triggering higher performance and capacity to withstand intensifying competition within the domestic market. This includes the establishment of improved physical market-place infrastructure and stimulating dissemination of market information and increasing access to the market. The second objective involves economic transformation towards an integrated, diversified and competitive entity capable of participating effectively in the MTS. The third objective entails the stimulation and encouragement of value-adding activities on primary exports as a means of increasing national earnings and income flows even on the basis of existing output levels. Fourth is the stimulation of investment flows into export oriented areas in which Tanzania has comparative advantages as a strategy for inducing the introduction of technology and innovation into production systems as the basis for economic competitiveness. The fifth objective is the attainment and maintenance of long-term current account balance and balance of payments through effective utilization of complementarities in regional and international trading arrangements as a means of increasing exports combined with initiatives for higher efficiency in the utilization of imports. The ultimate target is to enhance income generation and the peoples meaning power at the grass-roots level as the key to poverty reduction in fulfillment of the fundamental human right of equal opportunity for all citizens as enshrined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES FOR TRADE POLICY Tanzanias trade performance within a shrinking domestic market, in an increasingly liberalising economy that is converging with a deepening global market, is a source of concern. The essence of impediments against the growth and expansion of Tanzanian trade flow lies in supply-side constraints. The success of the envisaged trade development strategies depends on prioritising the implementation of measures addressing the totality of supply-side constraints. These constraints extend across the entire commodity/product value chains from production through processing and delivery to the consumer and encompass the full range of supporting services involved From the perspective of globalisation the same constraints assume the feature of two fundamental requirements: the need for raising the private sectors capacity to compete; and ensuring that benefits from the unfolding opportunities are accessible to broader segments of the society. Successful resolution of these demanding multidimensional constraints depends on prior determination of fundamental premises underpinning the development of production capacities including increasing access to the means of production and inherent challenges. The major fundamental premises and challenges include: establishing and sustaining an enabling business environment; development of hard and soft infrastructure; building capacity for market supporting institutions; creating the internal ability to participate in and influence changes in the world trading system; and promotion of private sector development in the context of supply-side capacity. ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT The fundamental role of government is in providing the enabling policy environment that will facilitate the private sector in becoming the engine of economic activity and growth through efficiency and better performance. The Tanzanian Government is already implementing a policy entailing its withdrawal from direct involvement in economic activity to facilitate channelling of its resources in the conventional area of establishing and maintaining a conducive and enabling policy environment. Four categories of measures are involved in the process of creating an enabling environment: good governance; stability of the macro-economic framework; legal and regulatory framework reforms; and efficient economic regulation and competition policy. Good Governance Constraints and Challenges Good governance is a pre-condition for development entailing the existence of a combination of tangible and intangible attributes and functions of the government machinery. The intangible attributes refer to the well functioning of the state coupled with the institutional capacity to: maintain peace, law and order; create an atmosphere of tranquillity and confidence for investment; ensure individual liberty and equality before the law; ensure security of property and fair delivery of commercial justice; and provide adequate checks and balances in the exercise of power including transparency and predictability in public decision-making. For example the ongoing socio-political and economic reforms including broadening popular participation of the people in economic and political processes, and entrenching security of people are intended to enhance good governance. Likewise, major public and private sector investments in social and physical infrastructure aim at strengthening the capacity for efficient delivery of services necessary for competitive economic activities. However, its efficiency is hampered by a weak institutional framework for enforcement and execution. Strategy The Government is continuing with the implementation of measures aimed at strengthening its capacity to maintain good governance as its cardinal mandate including promotion of self-regulation through introduction of codes of conduct. Other measures will include extensive public awareness campaigns and moral persuasion targeting public and private sector active involvement and participation in good governance. Macro-economic Policy Environment Constraints and Challenges One of the prerogatives for attaining and sustaining high rates of economic growth is the establishment of an attractive, stable and predictable macro-economic environment for increased flow of investment and trade. This rests on the implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies such as lowering and controlling inflation and the stabilization of interest and exchange rate Also it requires increased liberalisation of the operations of the financial, commodity and labour markets. In the sociopolitical sphere the observance of good governance, maintenance of peace, the rule of law and enhanced efficiency in the delivery of goods and services are of paramount importance. Strategy The Government will continue with the implementation of measures aimed at sustaining a conducive macroeconomic policy environment in its entirety as the basic condition for stimulating economic growth through increased investment and trade expansion. The Government will continue to strengthen its institutional and supervisory capacity for this purpose. This entails building a national consensus on the direction of fundamental macro economic policy variables combined with a deliberate change in the culture of government service towards increasing responsiveness to the needs of the business community. Legal and Regulatory Framework Constraints and Challenges The establishment of an enabling business environment entails a process of continuous adjustment of the legal and regulatory framework impacting on the performance of the business sector. Despite economic reforms sustained since the mid-eighties, there are still residual impediments that lead to high transaction costs. This discourages the inflow of foreign and domestic investment and hinders efficient trade sector performance. The envisaged legal and regulatory reforms seek to lower transaction costs, enhance business compliance and improve efficiency and competitiveness. The ultimate objective of legal and regulatory reforms is to protect the interests of consumers through enhancing the capacity of government institutions to perform their regulatory functions efficiently and by maintaining regulations only where they are necessary for this objective. Strategy The Government is expediting measures to stimulate international competitiveness through: (a) Reduction of unnecessary bureaucratic procedures that lead to high transaction costs for the business sector; (b) Facilitating and encouraging the development of private sector capacity to participate more effectively in the process of better regulation through public-private sector partnerships and improved advocacy. (c) Expediting the establishment of market-supporting institutions in the area of better regulation to ensure co-ordinated legal and regulatory reforms and improvement of commercial justice delivery. Economic Regulation and Competition Policy Constraints and Challenges Competition policy addresses the problem of concentration of economic power that can arise from market imperfections, monopolistic behavior in economic activities and consequent restrictive business practices. Restrictive business practices primarily affect the consumer through either higher prices and unacceptable quality standards or limitations on the availability of goods and services. Competition policy aims at perpetuating freedom of trade, freedom of choice and access to markets. Competition law is a component of competition policy prohibiting firms from engaging in anti-competitive behavior and abuse of dominant market position. The ultimate objective of economic regulation and competition policy is to protect the consumer through control of monopoly behavior on the part of producers. Tanzania has enacted three laws to govern competition and regulation of economic activity: the Fair Trade Practices Act of 1994; the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Act (EWURA) of 2001 and the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Act (SUMATRA) of 2001. The SUMATRA Act also amends the Fair Trade Practices Act to establish the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in place of the Fair Trade Practices Bureau. The mandate of these Acts is limited to the regulation of natural monopolies in the utilities and communications sectors and does not cover activities in the social and economic sectors. Strategy The Government is expediting the implementation of Competition law under the co-ordination of the FCC and related regulatory institutions and promotes consumer protection through broad-based public awareness on consumers rights and obligations. Human Skills Development Constraints and Challenges The concept of human capital as a major factor of production is increasingly assuming importance. The development of human capital from the perspective of developing economies entails focusing on four factors: basic nutrition, education, health and protection against economic vulnerability. The level of access to formal education and technical skills in leading sectors is the determinant factor in human skills development. A relatively high level of education to a large segment of the population and good training in the different aspects of the economic environment and the trade development function are the prerequisites for a successful trade regime. The experience of the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) shows that the process of economic transformation was underlined by quality universal primary education, enrolment ratios higher than 25 per cent in secondary education and an average of 10 per cent enrolment ratio in tertiary and university education. Data for Tanzania indicates the magnitude of the task involved in the education sector in terms of raising the scope and outreach of secondary and university education to levels necessary for the realization of the goals of Vision 2025. For instance, at 6% the ratio of secondary school enrolment is the lowest in SSA. Performance in skills development and extension services has also remained below expectations and requirements with respect to production practices in key sectors particularly agriculture, tourism and small-scale mining. The level of skills is relatively low compared to other regional economies due to low enrolment ratios in formal education at the secondary and tertiary levels and curtailed training in production and value-adding activities for workers in key economic sectors. The pace of economic transformation in Tanzania depends on the rate at which society can absorb and assimilate modern production skills and technologies in areas where the nation has advantages in resource endowments. The importance of education and skills is crucial to the perception of technology as they encompassing better production and delivery techniques and practices rather than mechanization. At the sametime the legal framework prevailing in the labour sector contributes to the pace of development of an adequate pool of skilled labour. Existing labour laws retain the tendencies of a command economy characterized by lack of flexibility in hiring practices and over-protection of employees, and limited linkage between performance and remuneration. The daunting task of expansion of the outreach of the education sector in Tanzania is highly constrained by the implications of demographic features including the concept of demographic transition and the incidence of HIV/AIDs. Demographic transition refers to the rate of change of the rates of birth and death. The essence of the concept is that developing countries experience rapid population growth and changes in its dependency ratio. While the death rate has been declining, the rate of birth has been rising resulting in the increase in the dependency ratio. HIV/AIDS has become a major health problem as well as a serious impediment to socio-economic development through its impact in the reduction of the active labour force, in particular the human capital that underpins economic transformation, higher productivity and competitiveness. Strategies Education: With respect to education, the Government had planned to raise primary education enrolment ratio to 85% by the end of 2002 and increase the rate of transition from primary to secondary education from 15% prevailing since 1998 to 20% by 2003. Emphasis had been placed on training in business education and entrepreneurship at various levels of the education system. This thrust and tempo will be maintained in the medium and long term as a strategy to bridge the gap in the outreach of the national education system. Training: With regard to skills development and production techniques top priority will be accorded to extension services for agronomic and animal husbandry practices in agriculture where the highest potential for growth based on wide linkages across sectors prevail. This will include promotion of irrigation based on traditional and modern practices and mechanized farming as far as possible. The Government will also initiate measures to introduce better packaging and delivery practices in direct response to market expectations and demands. The Government will take measures to contribute to market linkage programmes that aim at stimulating trade development through product and market diversification based on introduction of new product and new processes for value-adding activities. Labour laws: The Government is reviewing prevailing labour laws and regulations to induce the evolution of labour practices that conform to market practices that link merit, efficiency and productivity to rewards and flexibility in employment to reflect the principles of free entry and exit into industry. Labour law reforms will adhere to obligations from the International Labour Organisation. The Government will implement social sector policies aimed at the development of human capital through creation of a large pool of trained and trainable labour force as the base of structural transformation of the economy. HIV/AIDS: The government will implement a broad-based strategy of raising awareness on the scourge of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of demographic transition and encourage change in social behavioral patterns. Towards this end, emphasis will be placed on the instruments of moral persuasion and social responsibility based on accountability and self-determination rather than laxity and social permissiveness as the key to stimulating change in cultural patterns, attitudes and habits. Finally increasing accessibility to income generating activities for socially vulnerable groups will be one of the pillars to address the problem. Private Sector Development: The private sector is now formally recognized and accepted as the producer of goods and lead provider of services for the domestic and export markets and consequently the leading employer and primary vehicle for poverty eradication. The thrust of socio-economic reforms undertaken since 1995 highlights the determination to build a vibrant private sector for this purpose. Strategy The Government is developing a Private Sector Development Strategy (PSDS) to ensure broad-based and inclusive participation in production and trade and will expedite its adoption and implementation. The strategy entails the establishment of an enabling business environment through better regulation; increased private sector access to capital including titled-land, education, skills and entrepreneurship as well as provision of business support services in management, production and marketing. Institutional Capacity Building Institutional capacity building amongst the key public and private sector stakeholders in the trade policy process is the key to successful implementation. Performance in public institutions, including the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and its supporting agencies, and in business sector associations that serve the private sector, such as the Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Confederation of Tanzania Industry (CTI) and Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA), reflects major cultural and operational weaknesses, often associated with the mind-set. These include lack of proactive initiative in identifying and addressing problems, low analytical capacity, low commitment to work and poor co-ordination. There is evidence of lack of appropriate experience to amend or repeal obsolete laws and make better and simpler regulations to facilitate enforcement on the part of the public sector, and lack of analytical capacity to advocate for requisite change on the part of the private sector. Strategy The Government will undertake capacity building needs assessment to identify institutional complementarities and gaps. Priority will be accorded to private sector capacity for analysis and advocacy in influencing policy formulation and implementation. Twinning of indigenous institutions with overseas counterparts will be explored and utilized to facilitate rapid movement along the learning curve. Transformation of Production Capacity Agriculture remains the backbone of the Tanzanian economy with over 80 per cent of the population dependent on this sector. It remains a source of employment to 75 per cent of the population, contributing 50 per cent to GDP and about 70 per cent of export earnings. Leaving the economy dependent on traditional agriculture, which in turn is dependent on the whims of nature and fluctuating terms of trade, makes the path of development unstable and unpredictable. Success of this trade strategy in the context of the goal of Vision 2025 depends on strategies for the transformation of agriculture. The revival of the agricultural sector is constrained by lack of support to facilitate technology diffusion for modern agronomic practices to raise productivity and slow response by foreign investment culminating in stagnation in the development of the private sector and agribusiness. Specific constraints include: limited access to extension services, inputs and credit facilities necessary to stimulate product diversification; weak market linkages due to poor infrastructure; and lack of market knowledge and information necessary to facilitate market diversification. There is need to modernize production practices in the designated lead sectors of mining and tourism and other priority sectors such as industry and transit trade. Such modernization depends on application of modern technology on the national resource base. Enhancing competitive value-adding capacity in these sectors is the key to transformation of economic activity. Strategy The Government will prioritise measures for agricultural transformation through implementing the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001. One priority aspect is to ensure a net-inflow of resources into the sector to facilitate transformation of production technologies through wider research and dissemination of research results and better extension services. The government will also encourage investments in commercial farming and agro-processing industries as growth poles of the sector through out-grower and contract farming schemes and other market linkage relationships. Other measures include the promotion of industrialization through investment in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and Industrial Parks. The Government will also encourage the channelling of investment resources to non-traditional sectors, in particular